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3. Surface and Underground Mining

Surface mining

Surface mining removes material from near-surface deposits. Common approaches include open-pit mining and quarrying.

Open-pit mining

An open pit is developed in stages. Waste material is removed to expose ore, while benches and haul roads provide access.

Quarrying

Quarries commonly produce aggregates, limestone and dimension stone. Methods vary according to the product and geology.

Underground mining

Underground mining provides access to deeper deposits through shafts, declines, adits or other openings. Method selection depends on orebody geometry, rock conditions, depth and production requirements.